How We Fight, Flight, Freeze and Fawn in Difficult Conversations: Adapting A Learning Mindset
When our sense of self depends on being “right,” challenging information from opposing viewpoints is often seen as a threat. Instead of being able to listen and respond thoughtfully, we automatically react. I think these reactions can be categorized into the same categories used when neurobiologists talk about how humans react to more visceral threats (like 🐻 and 🧛🏼!): fight, flight, freeze, and fawn.
A learning mindset (or “growth mindset”) seeks opportunities to learn and grow. It values – in self and others – the capacity to learn, reflect, respond thoughtfully, and change one’s mind when new information shifts old beliefs.
I’ve seen the whole gamut of these reactions in the comment sections of my posts on white fragility and antiracism in the past two weeks. (And if I’m honest, I’ve felt most of these responses pop up and need worked on within myself from time to time as we press forward into this important, difficult work).
But let me say this: If you are white and conversations about white privilege elicit a threat-response, that’s evidence that something we value is being threatened. That “something” is implicit, internalized white supremacy. My challenge to myself and others is this: Can we go full circle and, when threat-based responses rise, apply a learning mindset to listen to what the feeling is telling us about our world and ourselves?
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[Instagram comments on this post provided an interesting Question and Answer Series: ]
What are these categories of fight, flight, freeze, and fawn?
Our understanding of the fight or flight response continues to expand as researchers learn more about the vagus nerve that runs through our body and controls these responses. The fight or flight response has been documented in animals and humans for over 100 years. Initially, researchers noticed that living organisms would default to either fighting back or running away when confronted with a life-threatening threat.
As our understanding developed, biologists and human brain researchers documented a “freeze” response. In animals, the freeze response can be seen in many species. If you’ve ever seen a nature video in which a lion turns to defend its limp, freshly killed dinner, and that animal jumps up and flees while the lion is distracted, that’s an example of the “freeze” response. In humans, the freeze response might look like being frozen and unable to move when a mugger demands valuables or locking up entirely during a sexual assault. Read a research study exploring the freeze response for more information.
The most recent addition to these categories is the “fawn” response. Relatively “new” in the literature, it came to be added as researchers studying trauma and fear found that some people (often individuals who’ve experienced previous victimization) automatically react with docile, obedient behavior.
Learn more about these responses and see them visually illustrated in this resource: Fight, Flight, & Freeze Embodied Wheel – A Resource for Growing Window of Tolerance.
Can we get rid of our fear-based response?
Fear, and the ways we respond to it, happen on a level beyond our consciousness. The neurons and nerves signaling us to fight, run, freeze, or fawn fire exponentially faster than our conscious thoughts move. That doesn’t mean we’re destined to stay with that response though.
The ways we learned to respond to threat will probably always be our knee-jerk reaction. I think that’s not a bad thing. In so many contacts, it’s there to keep us safe. We don’t “need” that fear response when we are working through complex interpersonal and cultural issues, but it has a role to play in our life. Growth is:
- Developing the capacity to check in with ourselves when we notice our reaction taking one of these paths,
- Self-soothing in healthy ways to help our brain know that we are safe,
- Getting curious about what we are experiencing, and
- Coaching ourselves over into a learning mindset.
Is decision paralysis a type of “freeze” response?
Possibly, but not necessarily. Everyone makes decisions a little differently and having a different decision-making process likely is not a problem unless it’s causing distress or interpersonal problems. Neurodiverse folks, in particular, may make decisions a little differently or need more resources to decide. Culturally, we want to jump to decisions quickly, but there are those among us who make decisions more slowly, deliberately, and only after reviewing more information – and I, for one, often find myself grateful for the wisdom they arrive at.
How do we make it safe to shift to a learning mindset?
I think this is the billion-dollar question. I don’t profess to have an answer to this question that’s deep with complexity and nuance, but I can answer from my own experience. My journey from being insular and argumentative to being someone who can respond more often with curiosity than defensiveness has leaned heavily on these resources:
#1. THERAPY. Therapy can help up build a stronger sense of self that doesn’t need to be “right” to be “ok.”
#2. RELATIONSHIPS WITH “OTHER” PEOPLE. Friendship with people I used to consider a distant “other” invited me to question my own beliefs and assumptions.
#3. EDUCATION. For me, once there was a crack in my armor and some wiggle room, education really opened my eyes. (The book “Unclean: Meditations on Purity, Hospitality, and Mortality” was a major eye opening experience for me, as someone emerging from the mindset I’d been taught by my ultra-conservative education.)
#4. GROWTH MINDSET FOR KIDS. Kids are more likely to thrive when they are coached to have a growth mindset-not an achievement mindset, from pre-school on up. This mindset is not only helpful for social and emotional reasons but also to prepare kids for a workforce that rapidly transforms and constantly requires adaptability to learn new skills.
The Fawn Response
You may have heard about the “Fawn” response before, or it may be a surprising addition to my visual on how we tend to Fight, Flight, Fawn, or Freeze in response to encountering difficult experiences in relationships and community. Because this is a new concept for many, I wanted to take a few moments to define what, exactly, the Fawn response to fear looks like and how we can work with a tendency towards fawn responses in ourselves or others.
How the Fawn Response Works
The fawn response is a term originally coined by Pete Walker, M.A., author of Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving. According to Walker, when confronted with stress or a perceived threat, someone with a fawn response tends towards self-abandonment to keep themselves safe. Instead of running away in flight or gathering themselves up for a fight, a person who fawns will respond to threat with flattery, caretaking, or seeking connection with the very same person who they perceive as a threat. When a person has a fawn response to threat, stress, or trauma, it’s usually because in past experience they learned that caretaking or flattery were effective at reducing the impact of stress/trauma/etc.
In the fawn response, a person abandons their sense of self to meld into the greater context around them for a sense of safety (or for actual safety). For some, this is how they have been taught to exist: to abandon a piece of themselves in order to minimize the opportunity for violence or harm.
The experience of many people with marginalized identities is that dominant culture requires a fawn response in order for them to be safe. In this context, a fawn response is an adaptive response to systemic, ongoing trauma that we all have a role in healing.
How to Recognize a Fawn Response:
Red Flags
The fawn response, in oneself or in others, can look like
An example of the fawn response:
The fawn response is a common defense for people who have experienced childhood abuse or adult domestic violence. One example of a learned fawn response might be a child who grows up in a home with a domineering and verbally aggressive parent who learns that although they can’t fight back or run away. Instead, they can avoid being the victim of the parent’s rage by becoming their parent’s confidant, entertainer, or emotional support. Similarly, a partner in a relationship with a physically abusive spouse might, if unable to leave or lacking agency to assert boundaries, shut down and ignore their own needs, values, and boundaries in order to soothe the volatile partner.
In each of these situations, the fawn response makes it possible to survive an experience that cannot be overcome or escaped.
Who is most likely to respond with a fawn response?
Anyone can respond to stress or perceived threat through a fawn response. In fact, all responses (fight, flight, freeze, and fawn) are healthy survival instincts. When threatened, our brains automatically know that these responses are our best chance for survival.
The fawn response- as with other trauma responses- becomes problematic when they become so automatic that our brains respond in this way to not just life-threatening danger but also to uncomfortable conversations and/or healthy relational conflict. If someone tends to lean on a fawn response to handle everyday discomfort, it may be rooted in trauma.
Specifically, over-relying on the fawn response could indicate that in one’s early life, they were robbed of the opportunity for a healthy sense of self to develop. They did not learn self-care or self-compassion and instead learned self-protection by pleasing someone else.
Why the Fawn Response Often Isn’t Helpful
Sometimes, the ability to go along with the crowd actually strengthens relationships – like the willingness to sit through a romantic comedy once in a while with your partner even though you hate romantic comedies. However, when we use agreeableness, avoidance, flattery, or caretaking to avoid having to “take up space” in a relationship, that manifestation of the fawn response can actually weaken relationships.
We can lose our sense of self by abandoning our own needs/wants/desires instead of honoring them. A healthy, attuned partner may notice our absence and respond with confusion, longing, or even rejection.
Strategies to Heal a Maladaptive Fawn Response
The first step to recovering from an automatic fawn response is to recognize it’s a problem and begin noticing when your behavior of flattery, caretaking, or not-self-asserting doesn’t match your internal desires.
Understanding and identifying the consistent compulsion to respond in a way that pleases and eases an uncomfortable situation can help us shift our behavior.
Therapy is often beneficial for individuals dealing with an unwanted fawn response. Often, the fawning behavior is so automatic that we may not notice the behavior or recognize that it conflicts with our desires. Instead, individuals with a fawn response might feel depressed, anxious, or aware that relationships aren’t very satisfying.
One way therapy helps is by helping us notice our internal experiences and having compassionate, authentic feedback about our behavior in relationships. If we tend to fawn in relationships to avoid conflict, it probably won’t take long for that dynamic to be recreated between therapist and client.
Therapists call this working in the “here and now.” It refers to processing an active dynamic in the therapy session instead of the “there and then” work of rehashing previous experiences. A here and now focus in therapy can be incredibly powerful, helping us understand our behavior and, more importantly, disrupting our pattern with a new experience.
Therapy for a maladaptive fawn response can help restore a sense of self and practice of healthy self-expression while also validating and exploring the past experiences that created the pattern of responses.
Additionally helpful, in his therapy practice with those who have an automatic fawn response, Pete Walker suggests 13 cognitive, affective, somatic, and behavioral techniques to utilize that replace defense responses.
Tend & Befriend Vs. Fawn Response:
What is the tend and befriend dynamic?
Tend-and-befriend is an attachment-caregiving response to stress. Social scientists note that humans- particularly women- respond to stress by seeking social contact with others to meet essential and emotional needs. Unlike the fawn response, the tend-and-befriend dynamic is a generally adaptive (i.e., helpful) response to regulate a part of the brain known as the HPA axis. Through attachment seeking, brains can generate soothing oxytocin instead of stress-induced cortisol and adrenaline.
The “tend-and-befriend” concept studied by researchers (like UCLA’s Tend and Befriend study and Harvard’s Study of the use of Tend and Befriend behaviors as an alternative to fight or flight) normally refers to the female response to calm an offspring. However, researchers note that all humans are neurologically wired for this response and the sex-based difference may be based on socialization rather than biology.
How Fawning is Different from Tend & Befriend Response:
While both the fawn response and tend-and-befriend behaviors seek safety through affiliation with others, they differ in that tending and befriending is a healthy, adaptive behavior to stress that can increase well-being. The fawn response is a trauma response, based in cortisol and/or adrenaline, in which our own needs might be abandoned in order to lessen the impact of the perceived threat or stress.
Image Description for Screen Readers:
A flowchart showing learning mindset: response to challenging information. Image shows doodle lines pointing from listening to learning to doing to speaking, and back again. Below this is a second flow-chart with straight arrows describing threat-based mindset: response to challenging information. Fight: “You are wrong! I am right!” Flight: “Let’s talk about something else.” Freeze: “Uh..(doesn’t talk or listen/learn).” Fawn: Performative surface-level engagement